Priming is a well known and documented psychological phenomenon that induces attitudinal/behavioural effects in a target without their conscious awareness. Priming works by calling up preexisting memory associations between concepts, therefore laying the groundwork for a particular response. For example, priming someone with a word like “yellow” could lead to a faster response-time in identifying a photo of a banana, or priming with a word like “nurse” could increase response-times for identifying a photo of a hospital. What’s interesting about this effect is that the priming words are shown for a fraction of a second - too quickly for the individual to consciously read and understand what the word says. Despite the speed of the exposure, the corresponding concepts of “banana” and “hospital” are still more easily available to the brain than they would be without exposure. All that preamble is to set the stage for explaining the subtle effects that colours can have on a person’s mentality as a result of primed associations. Effects of Colour on Mentality This question specifically asks about the colour red, so here we go. Research by Elliot et al. (2007) revealed that exposure to the colour red affected individuals’ avoidance behaviour and performance on intellectual tasks. This research isn’t perfectly relevant to the current question because it deals with red being used before an evaluation rather than after, as would be the case in marking. Anyway, among other results, this research demonstrated that: Participants chose to perform easier tasks rather than more challenging ones when exposed to the colour red - demonstrating an increase in avoidance behaviour. Participants performed worse on an IQ test when the cover of the test was red. Red seems to lead to negative outcomes, perhaps because it primes the concept of failure, error, mistakes and danger in the mind of the viewer, resulting in aversion to risks and decreased performance. In the Red: Negative Outcomes So where does this association between red and negative outcomes come from? It’s been suggested that this is driven by social constructs. Red and negative concepts such as prohibition, errors, failure, etc. are frequently paired and taught to children (in Western society, at least) from a young age. Beyond its use in human contexts, red is frequently a symbol of danger from a more instinctual perspective. Red is inevitably associated with bodily harm (blood, exposed wounds, burns/heat) and biological warnings (poisonous mushrooms, frogs, spiders, etc.) These long-held associations between red and danger are likely to trigger automatic avoidance behaviours as a survival strategy. Red Flag: Behavioural Modification League of Legends, a popular videogame boasting millions of active players per day, ran a large-scale psychological experiment a few years ago using colours to influence toxic player behaviour. They wanted to decrease the amount of verbal abuse, offensive language and other negative behaviours that often plague matches between random players. Their experiment was dubbed “Optimus” (as in, Optimus PRIME, get it?? *nerd laugh) and included over 200 experimental conditions that measured the influence of messages written in different colours on player behaviour. What they found was that: Negative messages (i.e., messages telling players NOT to perform a behaviour) written in red decreased negative behaviour compared to that same message written in white. Positive messages (i.e., messages telling players TO perform a behaviour) written in blue increased positive behaviour, but decreased positive behaviour when written in red. Essentially, messages encouraging players to cooperate had their effects negated when they were written in red, despite the strong positive influence those same messages had when written in blue. Interestingly, messages encouraging self-reflective behaviour (e.g., who will be the most sportsmanlike player in the game) written in red saw a very large increase in negative behaviour compared to the other colours. The colour red seems to cause the viewer to avoid whatever is written. Red Alert: Physiological Effects A 1972 study by Ali found that shining coloured lights into people’s eyes induced nervous system responses. A red light caused greater cortical arousal in participants relative to a blue light. Cortical arousal generates wakefulness, vigilance, increases heart rate and ventilation. These are all reflexes that are associated with reacting to danger or being alert to caution. This study suggests that an individual’s response to red extends beyond the reach of social influence - it is active at a physiological level as well. Seeing Red All of the above research points to the idea that using red as a prime produces undesirable outcome - decreased performance, avoidance and stress. However, the purpose of indicating an individual’s mistakes on an evaluation is to encourage them to avoid making errors in the future - the exact effect produced by the colour red. The triple-threat reaction caused by seeing red could very well contribute to a learner being all that more motivated to ward off having to be exposed to it again, thus making it an ideal colour to use when marking a student’s work.

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RED INK! yes red pens that often teachers use settle in the fear of the subject, losing marks and anxiety that builds up on students on seeing the remarks in the sane colour and it is because of this sometimes formative assessment does not yield into its potential ! red pens make students blue ! so what do we do ? 1. Use rainbow effect of pens while scoring the students where there is not just one colour but spectrum of the colours to send different levels of messaging and encouraging the students to come to talk to you 2. Marking stars on which students are differently graded regularly You can also try few strategies shared on gurushala courses in different modules to reach out students and remove the fear of red and make class more engaging !

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A new study in the European Journal of Social Psychology suggests that teachers who use red ink to grade papers tend to give students lower grades than those who use a different color of ink. Abraham Rutchick led that study , AND Effects of Colour on Mentality This question specifically asks about the colour red, so here we go. Research by Elliot et al. (2007) revealed that exposure to the colour red affected individuals’ avoidance behaviour and performance on intellectual tasks. This research isn’t perfectly relevant to the current question because it deals with red being used before an evaluation rather than after, as would be the case in marking. Anyway, among other results, this research demonstrated that: 1. Participants chose to perform easier tasks rather than more challenging ones when exposed to the colour red - demonstrating an increase in avoidance behaviour. 2. Participants performed worse on an IQ test when the cover of the test was red. FOR More details i am sharing link please check out

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There is an unmistakable feeling of anxiety at that moment when a teacher hands back tests or term papers scrawled with red ink. But it's not just the anticipation of how you did that causes those jitters, it's actually the red ink. A new study in the European Journal of Social Psychology suggests that teachers who use red ink to grade papers tend to give students lower grades than those who use a different color of ink.Abraham Rutchick led that study. He teaches psychology at California State University, Northridge, and he joins me from NPR West in Southern California.

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यूरोपियन जर्नल ऑफ सोशल साइकोलॉजी में एक नए अध्ययन से पता चलता है कि जो शिक्षक लाल स्याही से ग्रेड के कागजात का उपयोग करते हैं, वे छात्रों को स्याही के एक अलग रंग का उपयोग करने वालों की तुलना में कम ग्रेड देते हैं। अब्राहम रस्टिक ने उस अध्ययन का नेतृत्व किया। शिक्षकों को होमवर्क चिन्हित करने के लिए लाल रंग के पेन का उपयोग नहीं करना चाहिए क्योंकि यह चिल्लाने जैसा है और विद्यार्थियों को परेशान करता है 'शिक्षकों को होमवर्क और टेस्ट को चिह्नित करने के लिए लाल पेन का उपयोग करना बंद कर देना चाहिए क्योंकि यह स्कूली बच्चों को परेशान कर सकता है, यू.एस. शोधकर्ताओं का कहना है। ... हरे या नीले जैसे रंग का उपयोग करने में समस्या यह है कि यह स्पष्ट नहीं है।

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