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The different layers of the atmosphere. The atmosphere can be divided into layers based on its temperature, as shown in the figure below. These layers are the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the thermosphere. A further region, beginning about 500 km above the Earth's surface, is called the exosphere.
Scientists use waves to study the different layers of the earth. Usually, they use seismic waves, which are waves generated by earthquakes or nuclear-test explosions. The seismic waves are bent, sped up, or slowed down, or even reflected when they pass through the earth's layers. Different types of materials (liquid vs. solid, rigid vs. softer) determine the speed of the waves. Bending of the waves occurs at the layer's boundaries. So, scientists study the path and speed of these waves through the earth to decipher boundaries and the materials that make up the layers.
पृथ्वी की विभिन्न परतों का अध्ययन करने के लिए वैज्ञानिक तरंगों का उपयोग करते हैं। आमतौर पर, वे भूकंपीय तरंगों का उपयोग करते हैं, जो भूकंप या परमाणु-परीक्षण विस्फोटों द्वारा उत्पन्न तरंगें हैं। भूकंपीय तरंगें पृथ्वी की परतों से गुज़रने पर मुड़ी हुई, फूली हुई, या धीमी होती हैं, या यहाँ तक कि परावर्तित होती हैं।